tugas bahasa ingris dal

TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

Nama   : Mariyadi

NIM    : F11111047

Kelas   : 1A

Prodi   : Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia

A.    Test reading

Reading Comprehension

This section is designed to measure the ability to read and understand short passages similar in topic and style to those found in North American universities and colleges. Examinees read a variety of short passages on academic subjects. Each passage is followed by a number of questions about the material. To avoid creating an advantage to individuals in any one field of study, sufficient context is provided so that no subject-specific familiarity with the subject matter is required to answer the questions.

Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose the one best answer, A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Answer all questions following the passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Sample Passage and Questions

	A new atomic clock being developed for navigation
	satellites will perform better than previous devices. The
	clock, which incorporates a hydrogen maser, will use a
Line	new microwave cavity design to provide a compact and
(5)	lightweight package, and new electronic techniques to
	maintain long-term stability. The clock can provide
	precise navigation information because it is stable to
	one second in three million years. The differences in
	the time when signals from four satellites arrive at one
(10)	location can be used to calculate that position to within
	a few yards.

Look at the following example:

From the passage, it can be inferred that which of the following characteristics of the clock mentioned will be most impressive?

1. Its compact size
2. Its weight
3. Its accuracy
4. Its ability to measure distance

The correct choice is C.

1. It can be inferred from the passage that the new clock will be
1. long-lasting
2. harmful to humans
3. produced in great numbers
4. very attractive looking
2. According to the passage, signals from how many satellites will be used to calculate a position?
1. 1
2. 2<
3. 3<
4. 4
3. What is the primary purpose of the passage?
1. To teach a lesson
2. To sell a product
3. To support a theory
4. To provide information

Answer Key for PRE-TOEFL Test Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension

1. A
2. D
3. D

Section 3 – Reading Comprehension

This section is designed to measure the ability to read and understand short passages similar in topic and style to those found in North American universities and colleges. Examinees read a variety of short passages on academic subjects. Each passage is followed by a number of questions about the material. To avoid creating an advantage to individuals in any one field of study, sufficient context is provided so that no subject-specific familiarity with the subject matter is required to answer the questions.

Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by a number of questions about it. You are to choose the one best answer, A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Answer all questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

Sample Passage and Questions

	The railroad was not the first institution to impose
	regularity on society, or to draw attention to the
	importance of precise timekeeping. For as long as
Line	merchants have set out their wares at daybreak and
(5)	communal festivities have been celebrated, people have
	been in rough agreement with their neighbors as to the
	time of day. The value of this tradition is today more
	apparent than ever. Were it not for public acceptance of
	a single yardstick of time, social life would be unbearably
(10)	chaotic: the massive daily transfers of goods, services,
	and information would proceed in fits and starts; the
	very fabric of modern society would begin to unravel.

Example I

What is the main idea of the passage?

1. In modern society we must make more time for our neighbors.
2. The traditions of society are timeless.
3. An accepted way of measuring time is essential for the smooth functioning of society.
4. Society judges people by the times at which they conduct certain activities.

The main idea of the passage is that societies need to agree about how time is measured in order to function smoothly. Therefore, you should choose answer C.

Example II

In line 7, the phrase "this tradition" refers to

1. the practice of starting the business day at dawn
2. friendly relations between neighbors
3. the railroad's reliance on time schedules
4. people's agreement on the measurement of time

The phrase "this tradition" refers to the preceding clause, "people have been in rough agreement with their neighbors as to the time of day." Therefore, you should choose answer D.

Practice Passage

	The Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the
	Arctic Ocean. It stretches southward across the largest
	and northernmost state in the United States, ending at
Line	a remote ice-free seaport village nearly 800 miles from
(5)	where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely
	complicated to operate.
	The steel pipe crosses windswept plains and endless
	miles of delicate tundra that tops the frozen ground. It
	weaves through crooked canyons, climbs sheer
(10)	mountains, plunges over rocky crags, makes its way
	through thick forests, and passes over or under hundreds
	of rivers and streams. The pipe is 4 feet in diameter, and
	up to 2 million barrels (or 84 million gallons) of crude
	oil can be pumped through it daily.
(15)	Resting on H-shaped steel racks called "bents," long
	sections of the pipeline follow a zigzag course high
	above the frozen earth. Other long sections drop out of
	sight beneath spongy or rocky ground and return to the
	surface later on. The pattern of the pipeline's up-and-
(20)	down route is determined by the often harsh demands
	of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of
	the land, and the varied compositions of soil, rock, or
	permafrost (permanently frozen ground). A little more
	than half of the pipeline is elevated above the ground.
(25)	The remainder is buried anywhere from 3 to 12 feet,
	depending largely upon the type of terrain and the
	properties of the soil.
	One of the largest in the world, the pipeline cost
	approximately $8 billion and is by far the biggest
(30)	and most expensive construction project ever
	undertaken by private industry. In fact, no single
	business could raise that much money, so eight major oil
	companies formed a consortium in order to share
	the costs. Each company controlled oil rights to
(35)	particular shares of land in the oil fields and paid
	into the pipeline-construction fund according to the
	size of its holdings. Today, despite enormous
	problems of climate, supply shortages, equipment
	breakdowns, labor disagreements, treacherous
(40)	terrain, a certain amount of mismanagement, and
	even theft, the Alaska pipeline has been completed
	and is operating.

Practice Questions

1. The passage primarily discusses the pipeline's
1. operating costs
2. employees
3. consumers
4. construction
2. The word "it" in line 5 refers to
1. pipeline
2. ocean
3. state
4. village
3. According to the passage, 84 million gallons of oil can travel through the pipeline each
1. day
2. week
3. month
4. year
4. The phrase "Resting on" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
1. consisting of
2. supported by
3. passing under
4. protected with
5. The author mentions all of the following as important in determining the pipeline's route EXCEPT the
1. climate
2. lay of the land itself
3. local vegetation
4. kind of soil and rock
6. The word "undertaken" in line 31 is closest in meaning to
1. removed
2. selected
3. transported
4. attempted
7. How many companies shared the costs of constructing the pipeline?
1. three
2. four
3. eight
4. twelve
8. The word "particular" in line 35 is closest in meaning to
1. peculiar
2. specific
3. exceptional
4. equal
9. Which of the following determined what percentage of the construction costs each member of the consortium would pay?
1. How much oil field land each company owned
2. How long each company had owned land in the oil fields
3. How many people worked for each company
4. How many oil wells were located on the company's land
10. Where in the passage does the author provide a term for an earth covering that always remains frozen?
1. Line 4
2. Line 15
3. Line 23
4. Line 37

Answer Key for ITP TOEFL Reading Comprehension

1. D
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. C

Reading Comprehension Sample Questions

The Reading Comprehension section tests your ability to read and comprehend both academic and non-academic texts.

After you read each passage, read the questions that follow it and the four possible answers. Choose the best answer by filling in the space — see sample answer below — that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Print the TOEFL® Junior™ Answer Sheet (PDF) to respond to the numbered sample questions below. If you do not have access to a printer, you can use a sheet of blank paper to write down your answers. A link to the answer key is included at the end of the sample questions.

Sample: Reading Comprehension Questions

Questions 1–4 are about the following announcement.

Student Volunteers Needed! On Saturday, December 12th, from 10 A.M. until 4 P.M., Carverton Middle School will be holding a music festival in the school gymnasium. The special event will feature a variety of professional musicians and singers. Task Time Date Make posters 1 P.M.–4 P.M. December 5th Set up gym 11 A.M.–4 P.M. December 11th Help performers 9 A.M.–4 P.M. December 12th Welcome guests 10 A.M.–2 P.M. December 12th Clean up gym  4 P.M.–7 P.M. December 12th Interested students should speak with Ms. Braxton, the music teacher. Students who would like to help at the festival must have written permission from a parent or guardian.

1. What time will the festival begin?

1. 10 A.M.
2. 11 A.M.
3. 1 P.M.
4. 2 P.M.

2. In line 2, the word feature is closest in meaning to _______.

1. look
2. keep
3. include
4. entertain

3. What job will be done the day before the festival begins?

1. Making posters
2. Setting up the gym
3. Cleaning up the gym
4. Helping the performers

4. Who is told to talk to Ms. Braxton?

1. Parents
2. Students
3. Teachers
4. Performers

Questions 5–11 refer to the following story.

Line
	"Did you see that?" Joe said to his friend Bill. "You're a great shooter!"   Bill caught the basketball and bounced it before throwing it again. The ball flew into the net.   "Bill, you never miss!" Joe said admiringly.
5	"Unless I'm in a real game," Bill complained. "Then I miss all the time."   Joe knew that Bill was right. Bill performed much better when he was having fun with Joe in the school yard than he did when he was playing for the school team in front of a large crowd.   "Maybe you just need to practice more," Joe suggested.
10	"But I practice all the time with you!" Bill objected. He shook his head. "I just can't play well when people are watching me."   "You play well when I'm watching," Joe pointed out.   "That's because I've known you since we were five years old," Bill said with a smile. "I'm just not comfortable playing when other people are around."
15	Joe nodded and understood, but he also had an idea.   The next day Joe and Bill met in the school yard again to practice. After a few minutes, Joe excused himself.   "Practice without me," Joe said to his friend. "I'll be back in a minute."   Joe hurried through the school building, gathering together whomever he could find—two
20	students, a math teacher, two secretaries, and a janitor.
	When Joe explained why he needed them, everyone was happy to help.   Joe reminded the group to stay quiet as they all went toward the school's basketball court. As Joe
25	had hoped, Bill was still practicing basketball. He made five baskets in a row without noticing the silent people standing behind him.   "Hey, Bill!" Joe called out finally.   Bill turned. A look of surprise came over his
30	face.   "I just wanted to show you that you could play well with people watching you," Joe said. "Now you'll have nothing to worry about for the next game!"

5. What would be the best title for the story?

1. Joe Joins the Team
2. Practice Makes Perfect
3. Bill Wins the Big Game
4. Bill's Basketball Problem

6. In line 6, the word performed is closest in meaning to _______.

1. acted
2. played
3. moved
4. changed

7. Why is Bill upset?

1. He plays better in practice than he does during games.
2. The school yard is not a good place to practice.
3. Joe watches him too closely when he plays.
4. His team loses too many games.

8. Why does Bill play well when Joe is watching him?

1. He is comfortable with Joe.
2. Joe tells him how to play better.
3. He does not know that Joe is there.
4. He wants to prove to Joe that he is a good player.

9. Why does Joe decide to gather a group of people?

1. Because he wants more players for his team
2. Because he wants to help Bill feel less nervous
3. Because he wants to show them his talent
4. Because he wants more people to see the next game

10. At the end of the story, all of the following people watch Bill practice EXCEPT _____.

1. Joe
2. a janitor
3. a math teacher
4. the basketball coach

11. Why does the group have to be quiet when they go to the basketball court?

1. Because Joe is telling Bill what to do
2. Because they do not want Bill to know they were there
3. Because Bill likes to practice alone
4. Because the group needs to listen to Joe’s instructions

Questions 12–20 are about the following passage.

Line
	When another old cave is discovered in the south of France, it is not usually news. Rather, it
	is an ordinary event. Such discoveries are so frequent these days that hardly anybody pays heed to them. However, when the Lascaux cave complex was discovered in 1940,
5	the world was amazed. Painted directly on its walls were hundreds of scenes showing how people lived thousands of years ago. The scenes show people hunting animals, such as bison or wild cats. Other images depict birds and, most noticeably, horses, which appear in more than
10	300 wall images, by far outnumbering all other animals.    Early artists drawing these animals accomplished a monumental and difficult task. They did not limit themselves to the easily accessible walls but carried their painting materials to spaces that required climbing
15	steep walls or crawling into narrow passages in the Lascaux complex.    Unfortunately, the paintings have been exposed to the destructive action of water and temperature changes, which easily wear the images away. Because the Lascaux caves have
20	many entrances, air movement has also damaged the images inside. Although they are not out in the open air, where natural light would have
	destroyed them long ago, many of the images have deteriorated and are barely recognizable. To prevent further damage, the site was closed to tourists in 1963, 23 years after it was discovered.

12. Which title best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

1. Wild Animals in Art
2. Hidden Prehistoric Paintings
3. Exploring Caves Respectfully
4. Determining the Age of French Caves

13. In line 3, the words pays heed to are closest in meaning to ______.

1. discovers
2. watches
3. notices
4. buys

14. Based on the passage, what is probably true about the south of France?

1. It is home to rare animals.
2. It has a large number of caves.
3. It is known for horse-racing events.
4. It has attracted many famous artists.

15. According to the passage, which animals appear most often on the cave walls?

1. Birds
2. Bison
3. Horses
4. Wild cats

16. In line 8, the word depict is closest in meaning to _______.

1. show
2. hunt
3. count
4. draw

17. Why was painting inside the Lascaux complex a difficult task?

1. It was completely dark inside.
2. The caves were full of wild animals.
3. Painting materials were hard to find.
4. Many painting spaces were difficult to reach.

18. In line 12, the word They refers to _______.

1. walls
2. artists
3. animals
4. materials

19. According to the passage, all of the following have caused damage to the paintings
     EXCEPT _______ .

1. temperature changes
2. air movement
3. water
4. light

20. What does the passage say happened at the Lascaux caves in 1963?

1. Visitors were prohibited from entering.
2. A new lighting system was installed.
3. Another part was discovered.
4. A new entrance was created.

Answer Key for Reading Comprehension

1. A
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. A
9. B
10. D
11. B
12. B
13. C
14. B
15. C
16. A
17. D
18. B
19. D
20. A

Reading Comprehension Questions

There are three types of Reading Comprehension questions:
Multiple-choice Questions — Select One Answer Choice: These are the traditional multiple-choice questions with five answer choices of which you must select one.
Multiple-choice Questions — Select One or More Answer Choices: These provide three answer choices and ask you to select all that are correct; one, two or all three of the answer choices may be correct. To gain credit for these questions, you must select all the correct answers, and only those; there is no credit for partially correct answers.
Select-in-Passage: The question asks you to click on the sentence in the passage that meets a certain description. To answer the question, you choose one of the sentences and click on it; clicking anywhere on a sentence will highlight it.
Reading comprehension passages are drawn from the physical sciences, the biological sciences, the social sciences, the arts and humanities, and everyday topics, and are based on material found in books and periodicals, both academic and nonacademic. The passages range in length from one paragraph to four or five paragraphs.

Sample questions 1 to 3 below are based on this passage:

Policymakers must confront the dilemma that fossil fuels continue to be an indispensable source of energy even though burning them produces atmospheric accumulations of carbon dioxide that increase the likelihood of potentially disastrous global climate change. Currently, technology that would capture carbon dioxide emitted by power plants and sequester it harmlessly underground or undersea instead of releasing it into the atmosphere might double the cost of generating electricity. But because sequestration does not affect the cost of electricity transmission and distribution, delivered prices will rise less, by no more than 50 percent. Research into better technologies for capturing carbon dioxide will undoubtedly lead to lowered costs.

Sample Multiple-choice Questions — Select One Answer Choice

1.  The passage implies which of the following about the current cost of generating electricity?

1. It is higher than it would be if better technologies for capturing carbon dioxide were available.
2. It is somewhat less than the cost of electricity transmission and distribution.
3. It constitutes at most half of the delivered price of electricity.
4. It is dwelt on by policymakers to the exclusion of other costs associated with electricity delivery.
5. It is not fully recovered by the prices charged directly to electricity consumers.

Answer: C

Sample Multiple-choice Questions — Select One or More Answer Choices

Consider each of the three choices separately and select all that apply.

2.  The passage suggests that extensive use of sequestration would, over time, have which of the following consequences?

1. The burning of fossil fuels would eventually cease to produce atmospheric accumulations of carbon dioxide.
2. The proportion of the delivered price of electricity due to generation would rise and then decline.
3. Power plants would consume progressively lower quantities of fossil fuels.

Answer: B

Sample Select-in-Passage Question

3.  Select the sentence that explains why an outcome of sequestration that might have been expected would not occur.

Answer:

"But because sequestration does not affect the cost of electricity transmission and distribution, delivered prices will rise less, by no more than 50 percent."

Sample questions 4 to 6 below are based on this passage:

Reviving the practice of using elements of popular music in classical composition, an approach that had been in hibernation in the United States during the 1960s, composer Philip Glass (born 1937) embraced the ethos of popular music without imitating it. Glass based two symphonies on music by rock musicians David Bowie and Brian Eno, but the symphonies' sound is distinctively his. Popular elements do not appear out of place in Glass's classical music, which from its early days has shared certain harmonies and rhythms with rock music. Yet this use of popular elements has not made Glass a composer of popular music. His music is not a version of popular music packaged to attract classical listeners; it is high art for listeners steeped in rock rather than the classics.

Sample Multiple-choice Questions — Select One Answer Choice

4.  The passage addresses which of the following issues related to Glass's use of popular elements in his classical compositions?

1. How it is regarded by listeners who prefer rock to the classics
2. How it has affected the commercial success of Glass's music
3. Whether it has contributed to a revival of interest among other composers in using popular elements in their compositions
4. Whether it has had a detrimental effect on Glass's reputation as a composer of classical music
5. Whether it has caused certain of Glass's works to be derivative in quality

Answer: E

Sample Multiple-choice Questions — Select One or More Answer Choices

Consider each of the three choices separately and select all that apply.

5.  

The passage suggests that Glass's work displays which of the following qualities?

1. A return to the use of popular music in classical compositions
2. An attempt to elevate rock music to an artistic status more closely approximating that of classical music
3. A long-standing tendency to incorporate elements from two apparently disparate musical styles

Answer: A and C

Sample Select-in-Passage Question

6.  Select the sentence that distinguishes two ways of integrating rock and classical music.

Answer:

"His music is not a version of popular music packaged to attract classical listeners; it is high art for listeners steeped in rock rather than the classics."

Text Completion Questions

Text Completion questions include a passage composed of one to five sentences with one to three blanks. There are three answer choices per blank, or five answer choices if there is a single blank. There is a single correct answer, consisting of one choice for each blank. You receive no credit for partially correct answers.

Sample Text Completion Questions

Directions: For each blank select one entry from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

1.  

It is refreshing to read a book about our planet by an author who does not allow facts to be (1)__________ by politics: well aware of the political disputes about the effects of human activities on climate and biodiversity, this author does not permit them to (2)__________ his comprehensive description of what we know about our biosphere. He emphasizes the enormous gaps in our knowledge, the sparseness of our observations, and the (3)__________, calling attention to the many aspects of planetary evolution that must be better understood before we can accurately diagnose the condition of our planet.

Answer choices for question 1.
Blank (1)	Blank (2)	Blank (3)
overshadowed	enhance	plausibility of our hypotheses
invalidated	obscure	certainty of our entitlement
illuminated	underscore	superficiality of our theories

Answer: overshadowed, obscure, and superficiality of our theories

2.  

Vain and prone to violence, Caravaggio could not handle success: the more his (1)__________ as an artist increased, the more (2)__________ his life became.

Answer choices for question 2.
Blank (1)	Blank (2)
temperance	tumultuous
notoriety	providential
eminence	dispassionate

Answer: eminence and tumultuous

3.  

The author's (1)__________ style renders a fascinating subject, the role played by luck in everyday life, extraordinarily (2)__________.

Answer choices for question 3.
Blank (1)	Blank (2)
soporific	pedantic
lucid	tedious
colloquial	opaque

Answer: soporific and tedious

4.  

From the outset, the concept of freedom of the seas from the proprietary claims of nations was challenged by a contrary notion — that of the _______ of the oceans for reasons of national security and profit.

Answer choices for question 4.

promotion

exploration

surveying

conservation

appropriation

Answer: appropriation

Sentence Equivalence Questions

Sentence Equivalence questions consist of a single sentence, one blank, and six answer choices. These questions require you to select two of the answer choices. You receive no credit for partially correct answers.

Sample Sentence Equivalence Questions

Directions: Select the two answer choices that, when used to complete the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and produce completed sentences that are alike in meaning.

1.  

Although it does contain some pioneering ideas, one would hardly characterize the work as __________.

1. orthodox
2. eccentric
3. original
4. trifling
5. conventional
6. innovative

Answer: C and F

2.  

The corporation expects only _______ increases in sales next year despite a yearlong effort to revive its retailing business.

1. dynamic
2. predictable
3. expanding
4. modest
5. slight
6. volatile

Answer: D and E

Pre-TOEFL Test Section 2 – Structure and Written Expression

This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English. There are two types of questions in this section with special directions for each type.

Structure

Directions: Questions 1–5 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter you have chosen. Fill in the space so that the letter inside the oval cannot be seen.

 Look at the following example:

Mt. Hood _______ in the state of Oregon.

1. although
2. and
3. is
4. which

The correct choice is C.

Practice Questions

1. ________ most important event in San Francisco's history was the disastrous earthquake and fire of 1906.
1. The
2. It was the
3. That the
4. There was a
2. Vegetables are an excellent source ________ vitamins.
1. of
2. has
3. where
4. that
3. Microscopes make small things appear larger than ________ .
1. really are
2. are really
3. are they really
4. they really are
4. The city of Montreal ________ over 70 square miles.
1. covers
2. that covers
3. covering
4. is covered
5. Janet Collin's struggle to make a place for herself in ballet is the kind of life story ________ a fascinating novel might be written.
1. of
2. by
3. for whom
4. about which

Written Expression

Directions: In questions 6–10, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Look at the following example:

 

Practice Questions

Answer Key for PRE-TOEFL Test Structure and Written Expression

1. A
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. C
9. D
10. C